سیاست صنعتی راهبردی برای توسعه مؤثر و مروری بر سیاست‏های صنعتی برزیل

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، گروه مدیریت دولتی، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.

2 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مدیریت دولتی، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.

3 استاد، گروه مدیریت دولتی، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.

10.22059/imj.2024.357918.1008044

چکیده

هدف: سیاست صنعتی هم در عمل و هم در تئوری سابقۀ طولانی دارد. این موضوع پس از پایان جنگ جهانی دوم، به کانون اصلی تحقیقات توسعه و تحلیل سیاست تبدیل شد؛ اگرچه معنا، دامنه و ابزارهای آن متفاوت بوده است. در این پژوهش سیر تکامل تفکر در خصوص سیاست صنعتی ارائه می‌شود. هدف پژوهش تشریح مفهوم سیاست صنعتی با بررسی تجربه‌های تاریخی و سیاست‌های کشور برزیل است.
روش: روش تحقیق توصیفی ـ تحلیلی است که با استفاده از رویکرد مروری در تحلیل اسنادی و مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای، به بررسی هدف اصلی تحقیق می‌پردازد.
یافته‌ها: محدوده‌ای که سیاست در آن عمل می‌کند، به دو بُعد بستگی دارد: ۱. ظرفیت سیاست‌گذاری که به سهم خود بر مجموعه‌ای از عوامل، از جمله ظرفیت نهادی برای طراحی، اجرا و ارزیابی متکی است؛ ۲. تعداد و دامنۀ ابزارهای استفاده‌شده که به استراتژی توسعه و اهداف خاص آن بستگی دارد. این دو بُعد فضای سیاست‌گذاری را تعریف می‌کنند. فضای سیاست‌گذاری شامل سه سیاست افقی، انتخابی و مرزی است که هر یک با مجموعه‌های مختلف ابزار، هدف‌گذاری و ترتیبات سازمانی مشخص می‌شود. در این پژوهش هم‌ترازی، مزیت نسبی، اقتصاد سیاسی، صنعت نوزاد، یادگیری فناورانه، اثرهای پیوندی پویا و وابسته، به‌عنوان مؤلفه‌های کلیدی سیاست صنعتی شناسایی شدند. سازگاری و انسجام استراتژیک، اجماع‌سازی، اتکا به جامعه، توأم بودن پاداش و تنبیه و قابلیت پاسخ‌گویی، مشخصه‌های کلیدی طراحی سیاست صنعتی هستند. برزیل، پس از احیای سیاست صنعتی، سه دورۀ سیاست صنعتی را تجربه کرده است که توفیق‌های آن، حاوی درس‌های مهمی است. سازمان برنامۀ اصلی برزیل، هم بُعد ساختاری و هم محدودۀ سیستمی دارد. پیکربندی برنامۀ اصلی برزیل، سه سطح تدوین مقررات، سطح اجرایی و سطح راهبردی را شامل می‌شود.
 
نتیجه‌گیری: مرور تاریخچۀ سیاست صنعتی نشان می‌دهد که این سیاست‌ها هیچ‌گاه از بین نرفته‌اند، بلکه با نام‌ها و شکل‌های مختلف تداوم یافته‌اند و در هر دو دسته، در کشورهای توسعه یافته و درحال توسعه اجرا شده‌اند. اقدام‌های خاص دولت، در خصوص تشویق به صنعتی‌شدن، می‌تواند هم در قالب ایجاد محیط توانمندساز و هم در قالب دخالت مستقیم صورت گیرد. سرمایه‌گذاری در تحقیق و توسعه، تعهد کامل و همکاری نزدیک میان وزارتخانه‌ها و سازمان‌های ذی‌ربط و همچنین، تعامل با بخش خصوصی و تدوین و اجرای استراتژی صنعتی در چارچوب یک سیاست توسعۀ ملی یکپارچه، نشان‌دهندۀ تلاش‌های برزیل، از نظر طراحی و بیان سیاست‌های صنعتی تحت هماهنگی کلی وزارت توسعه، صنعت و تجارت است. به‌طور کلی، یک استراتژی صنعتی، در چارچوب یک سیاست توسعۀ ملی گسترده‌تر تدوین و اجرا می‌شود. بسیاری از سیاست‌های صنعتی بسیج مجموعۀ گسترده‌تری از فعالان مرتبط، ورای رهبران کسب‌وکار و سیاست‌گذاران ملی، از جمله وزارتخانه‌ها، سازمان هماهنگی مدیریت اجرایی، قشر دانشگاهی، گروه‌های جامعه مدنی را می‌طلبد. تاریخ اقتصادی نشان می‌دهد، در حالی که یادگیری از تجارب سایر کشورها (اعم از موفقیت‌ها و شکست‌ها) مهم است، هر کشوری باید به‌طور جداگانه آزمایش کند و با انجام دادن برنامه‌های سیاست صنعتی خود بیاموزد. نتایج موفقیت‌آمیز، مستلزم جایگزینی ابزارهای جدید به‌جای ابزارهای شکست خورده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Strategic Industrial Policy for Effective Development: A Review of Brazil's Industrial Policies

نویسندگان [English]

  • Saeed Zarandi 1
  • Mohammad Kazempour Teymourloy 2
  • Reza Vaezi 3
  • Vajhollah Ghorbanizadeh 3
1 Associate Prof., Department of Public Administration. Faculty of Management and Accounting, University Allameh Tabataba'i, Tehran, Iran.
2 PhD Candidate, Department of Public Administration. Faculty of Management and Accounting, University Allameh Tabataba'i, Tehran, Iran.
3 Prof., Department of Public Administration. Faculty of Management and Accounting, University Allameh Tabataba'i, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Objective
Industrial policy has a rich history in both practice and theory. Following the end of World War II, it emerged as a central topic in development research and policy analysis, despite its definition, scope, and instruments evolving over time. This research aims to present the evolution of industrial policy thought, focusing on elucidating the concept by examining Brazil's historical experiences and policy implementations.
 
Methods
The research employs a descriptive-analytical method, utilizing a review approach through document analysis and library studies to examine the main objective of the study.
 
Results
The scope of policy operation hinges on two primary dimensions: 1) Policymaking capacity, which in turn relies on a set of factors including institutional capacity for design, implementation, and evaluation; and 2) The number and range of tools used depends on the development strategy and its specific goals. These two dimensions define a policy space that includes three horizontal, selective, and boundary policies, each of which is characterized by different sets of tools, targeting, and organizational arrangements. This research identifies several key components of industrial policy, including alignment, comparative advantage, political economy, infant industry, technological learning, dynamic linkage effects, and dependency. These components are essential for understanding the mechanisms through which industrial policy can drive development. Additionally, critical features of effective industrial policy design were highlighted, such as strategic alignment and coherence, consensus-building, reliance on community involvement, a balanced approach to rewards and sanctions, and accountability. These features ensure that policies are both effective and sustainable. Brazil has undergone three distinct phases of industrial policy since revitalizing its framework, each offering valuable lessons from both its successes and challenges. The country’s main policy program is notable for its dual focus, incorporating both a structural and a systemic dimension. The program is configured across three levels: regulatory, executive, and strategic, reflecting a comprehensive approach to policy design and implementation.
 
Conclusion
A historical review of industrial policy shows its continuous evolution under various names and forms, applied in both developed and developing countries. Governments can promote industrialization through either creating an enabling environment or direct intervention. Brazil’s industrial policy design and implementation illustrate this dual approach, with significant investments in research and development, close cooperation among ministries and relevant organizations, and active engagement with the private sector, all coordinated under a unified national development policy by the Ministry of Development, Industry, and Trade. Effective industrial strategies require mobilizing a diverse range of stakeholders beyond business leaders and national policymakers, including ministries, executive management bodies, academia, and civil society groups. Economic history highlights the importance of learning from other countries' experiences, both their successes and failures, while also engaging in local experimentation and adaptive learning through the implementation of industrial policies. Successful outcomes often hinge on replacing ineffective tools with innovative alternatives.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Industrial policy
  • Government intervention
  • Components
  • Brazil

مراجع

استیگلیتز، جوزف و لین، جاستین ییفو (1399). انقلاب در سیاست صنعتی: نقش دولت در فراسوی ایدئولوژی (موسی موسوی ‌زنوز، مترجم)، ناشر: مؤسسه مطالعات و پژوهش‏های بازرگانی.
رضائیان، نادر؛ رضوی، محمدرضا؛ حیدری دهویی، جلیل و زمانی‌مقدم، افسانه (1401). ارائه چارچوبی برای شناسایی و اولویت‌بندی ابزارها و راه‏کارهای حمایت از تولیدکنندگان داخلی کالا و تجهیزات (مورد مطالعه: صنعت گاز). مدیریت صنعتی، 14(1)، 1-26.
 
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