Developing a Resilient Business Model for Complex Techno-social Organizations by Meta-Synthesis Method

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Prof., Department of Industrial Management, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

2 PhD., Department of Industrial Management, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

3 Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Industrial Management, Alborz Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Objective: Highly unstable social and economic ecosystems have inevitably resulted in severe momentums and adverse environmental changes. To overcome the mentioned challenge and also increase their competitiveness, most businesses have accepted a resilience approach. Moreover, the presence of so called techno-social Complex Systems has given rise to serious challenges in developing Business Plans. To have accurate planning for the business, social issues, technical processes, and their correlation should be simultaneously addressed. In this work, following a comprehensive review of the previous efforts, a more detailed and sophisticated explanation of how techno-social factors impact  resilience Business model will be investigated. In other words, we aim to develop an improved Business model  model for companies dealing with the mentioned challenges.
Methods: Meta-Synthesis method have been used for gathering necessary resources. A complete review of all related references has been carried out. 78 outstanding articles have been selected from all the papers published since 2000. The study and analysis of these 78 references has built the framework of our work.
Results: In this work 85 sub-codes, indicating the impacts on resilience business model, have been successfully extracted. Using these codes and their proximity in definition, 21 core themes were defined in the next part. Finally, the developed themes have been categorized into four main elements of Business Model Ontology: customer, management, infrastructure, financial flows, and recommended value.
Conclusion: The finally presented model, enjoying simultaneous analysis of social parameters and corporate technical processes, has shown to provide more generality in modeling. The model would be a great help for senior managers to desing resilient  business model. In addition, this model can efficiently be used in thorough assessment of resilience in techno-social companies.

Keywords


Abarghoei, M., Amiri, M., Olfat, L. & Feyzi, K. (2018). Designing a model for organizational resilience. Productivity management, 44(1), 35-65. (in Persian)
Afuah, A. & Tucci, C. (2001). Internet Business Models and Strategies: Text and Cases. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York.
Aghazade, H., Zareih Hanzaki, A., Mohammadi, M. & Elahi, A. (2021). The investigation of the Relationship between Capabilities of Networking of Science and Technology Parks in the Innovation and Business Performance of Park's Member Companies. Industrial Management Journal, 13(2), 329- 351. (in Persian)
Aldea, A., Vaicekauskaitė, E., Daneva, M. & Sebastian Piest, J. P. (2020). Assessing Resilience in Enterprise Architecture: A Systematic Review, IEEE 24th International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference (EDOC), pp. 1-10.
Aleksandar, A., Miladin, S., Slavko, A. & Danijela, T. (2014). An Assessment of Organizational Resilience Potential in SMEs of the Process Industry, A Fuzzy Approach. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 26; 1238-1245.
Almeida, C.M.V.B., Agostinho, F., Giannetti, B.F., Huisingh, D. (2015). Integrating cleaner production into sustainability strategies: an introduction to this special volume. Journal of Cleaner Production, 96(1), 1-9.
Amini, A., Sotodeh, A. & Nekoeezadeh, M., (2020). The comprehensive model of store brand personality and investigating the impact of its dimensions on customers' behavioral tendencies (case study: Hyperstar store in Shiraz), Brand management, 23(3), 212-254. (in Persian)
Amit, R. & Zott, C. (2001). Value creation in e‐business. Strategic management journal, 22(6-7), 493-520.
Angeon, V. & Bates, S. (2015). Reviewing composite vulnerability and resilience indexes: A sustainable approach and application. World Development, 72, 140-162.
Antolin-Lopez, R., Delgado-Ceballos, J., Montiel, I. (2016). Deconstructing corporate sustainability: a comparison of different stakeholder metrics. Journal of Cleaner Production, 136(1), 5–17.
Avey, J. B., Patera, J. L. & West, B. J. (2006). The implications of positive psychological capital on employee absenteeism. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 13(2), 42-60.
Ayala, J. C. & Manzano, G. (2014). The resilience of the entrepreneur. Influence on the success of the business. A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology, 42(2014), 126–135. doi: 10.1016/j.joep.2014.02.004
Azadeh, A., Salehi, V., Ashjari, B. & Saberi, M. (2014). Performance Evaluation of Integrated Resilience Engineeringfactors by Data Envelopment Analysis: The Case of Apetrochemical Plant, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 92: 231–241.
Azusa, K. & Hiroyuki, Y. (2013). Organizational Resilience: An Investigation of Key Factors That Promote the Rapid Recovery of Organizations. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(9), 188-194.
Bhamra, R., Dani, S. & Burnard, K. (2011). Resilience: the concept, a literature review and future directions. International Journal of Production Research, 49(18), 5375-5393.
Bocken, N. M. P., Short, S. W., Rana, P. & Evans, S. (2014). A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 65, 42–56.
Borekci, D., Rofcanin, Y. & Sahin, M. (2014). Effects of organizational culture and organizational resilience over subcontractor riskiness: A multi-method study in longitudinal time setting. European Business Review, 26(1), 2-22.
Buheji, M. & Ahmed, D. (2020). Foresight of Coronavirus (COVID-19) Opportunities for a Better World. American Journal of Economics, 10(2), 97- 108.
Caralli, A., Allen, J.H., Curtis, P.D., White, D.W. & Young, L.R. (2010). CERT® Resilience Management Model, Version 1.0: Improving Operational Resilience Processes, 2010-012, Software Engineering Institute, Http:// www.Cert.Org/ Resilience.
Caroline O., Girish, P. & Charlotte, B. (2016). Organizational resilience in the tourism sector. Research Notes and Reports/Annals of Tourism Research, 56, 128-163.
Carraresi, L. & Bröring, S. (2021). How does business model redesign foster resilience in emerging circular value chains? Journal of Cleaner Production, 289, 125823, ISSN 0959-6526, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125823.
Carraresi, L. & Bröring, S. (2021). How does business model redesign foster resilience in emerging circular value chains. Journal of Cleaner Production, 289, 125823.
Chitsazan, H., Davari, A. & Jalali, M. (2018). Evaluation of the factors affecting the resilience capacity of small and medium businesses (case study: auto parts manufacturers). Quarterly Scientific Research Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 11(3), 421-440. (in Persian)
Christopher, M., Peck, H. & Towill, D. (2006). A taxonomy for selecting global supply chain strategies. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 17(2), 277-287.
Cohen, S., Bose, S., Guo, D., Miller, A., DeFrancia, K., Berger, O., Filiatraut, B., Loman, M., Qiu, W., Zhang, C.H. (2014). The Growth of Sustainability Metrics, Sustainability Policy and Management, 3(1), 1-14.
Conz, E., Denicolai, S. & Zucchella, A. (2016). Innovation strategies for resilient SMEs: A case study in the Italian wine industry. In 9th Academy of Wine Business Research Conference (p. 76).
De Oliveira Teixeira, E. & Werther, W.B. (2013). Resilience: Continuous renewal of competitive advantages. Business Horizons, 56(3), 333-342.
Demmer, W. A., Vickery, S. K. & Calantone, R. (2011). Engendering resilience in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs): a case study of Demmer Corporation. International Journal of Production Research, 49(18): 5395-5413.
Dong, L. (2021). Toward Resilient Agriculture Value Chains: Challenges and Opportunities. Prod Oper Manag, 30: 666-675. https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13308.
Duchek, S. (2020). Organizational resilience: a capability-based conceptualization. Business Research, 13(1), 215-246.
Ed-daoui, I., El Hami, A. & Mazri, T. (2019). Resilience assessment as a foundation for systems-of-systems safety evaluation: Application to an economic infrastructure, Safety Science, 115, 446-456.
Eusgeld, I., Nan, C. & Dietz, S. (2011). “System-of-systems” approach for interdependent critical infrastructures. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 96(6), 679-686.
Fallah, M.R., Moradi, M. & Maleki, M.H. (2022). Business resilience, The Second International Conference on New Challenges and Solutions in Industrial Engineering and Management and Accounting, Damghan. (in Persian)
Fiksel, J. (2006). Sustainability and resilience; toward a systems approach. Journal of Sustainability: Science, Practice, and Policy, 2(2).
Florio, D. (2013). Models and Concepts for Socio-Technical Complex Systems: Towards Fractal Social Organizations. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 30. 10.1002/sres.2242.
Folke, C., Carpenter, S., Elmqvist, T., Gunderson, L., Holling, C.S., Walker, B., Bengtsson, J., Berkes, F., Colding, J., Danell, K., Falkenmark, M., Gordon, L., Kasperson, R., Kautsky, N., Kinzig (2022). Resilience and Sustainable Development: Building Adaptive Capacity in a World of Transformations. AMBIO A Journal of the Human Environment, 31(5), 437-440.
Gittell, J. H., Cameron, K., Lim, S. & Rivas, V. (2006). Relationships, layoffs and organizational resilience airline industry responses. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 42(3), 300-329.
Gregurec, I., Tomičić Furjan, M., Tomičić-Pupek, K. (2021). The Impact of COVID-19 on Sustainable Business Models in SMEs. Sustainability, 13(3), 1098. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031098.
Hamel, G. & Valikangas, L. (2003). 'Zero Trauma'-the Essence of Resilience. The Wall Street Journal, 2-2.
Hasanzadeh, M.R., Maleki, M.H., Jahangirnia, H. & Gholami Jamkarani, R. (2020). Identifying and Prioritizing the Factors Affecting the Resilience of the Iranian Capital Market. Industrial Management Journal, 12(1), 172-205. (in Persian)
Hashim, S. F., Tajuddin, R. M. & Zainol, A. S. (2015). Creating Resilient SME through Brand Identity (Case Study of Bumiputera Fashion Entrepreneurs in Malaysia. International Academic Research Journal of Social Science, 1(2), 264-282.
Herbane, B. (2010). Small business research: Time for crisis-based view. International Small Business Journal, 28(1), 43-64.
Heredia, M. G., Sánchez, C. S. G., Peiró, M. N., Fernández, A. S., López-Bueno, J. A. & Muñoz, G. G. (2022). Mainstreaming a gender perspective into the study of energy poverty in the city of Madrid. Energy for Sustainable Development, 70, 290-300.
Herrmann, P., Radic, F., Haberland, P. & Riese, C. (2022). Development of a Business Model Resilience Framework for Managers and Strategic Decision-makers, Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research https://doi.org/10.1007/s41471-022-00135-x.
Herrmann, T. & Loser, K. U. (1999). Vagueness in models of socio-technical systems. Behaviour & Information Technology, 18(5), 313-323.
Hosseini, S. & Kash, B., (2016). A Bayesian Network Model for Resilience-Based Supplier Selection. Int. J. Production economics, 180, 68–87.
Hosseini, S. & Kash, B. (2016). A Bayesian Network Model for Resilience-Based Supplier Selection. Int. J. Production economics, 180, 68–87.
Hsu, C.-H., Chang, A.-Y. & Luo, W. (2017). Identifying key performance factors for sustainability development of SMEs – integrating QFD and fuzzy MADM methods. Journal of Cleaner Production, 161(1), 629–645.
Ivana, S. & Sandra, L., (2021). How does business model redesign foster resilience in emerging circular value chains? Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 289, 125823, ISSN 0959-6526, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125823.
Jablonski, A. & Jablonski, M. (2016). Research on business models in their life cycle. Sustainability, 8(5), 1-37.
John, A., Yang, Z. & Ramin, R., (2016). A risk assessment approach to improve the resilience of a seaport system using Bayesian networks, Ocean Engineering111, 136–147.
Johonson, M., Bradley, J., Bradfield, S., Morris, C. & Indelicato, D. (2022). Outcomes In Pediatric Nrsts Treated With Proton Radiotherapy. In Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 69, 12-154.
Kantur, D. & İşeri-Say, A. (2012). Organizational resilience: A conceptual integrative framework. Journal of Management and Organization, 18(06), 762-773.
Kausar, Z., Nadai, A. & Seyyed Naqvi, A. (2018). Effective factors and consequences of organizational resilience, Management Research in Iran, 23(4), 1-22. (in Persian)
Kelabi, A. (2020). Modeling factors affecting the sustainability of business models. Public Management Research, 47(1), 116-134. (in Persian)
Kelabi, A., Farsi, J. & Azizi, M. (2021). Identifying and prioritizing the key success factors of the business model. Public Management Research, 54(4), 64-84. (in Persian)
Khan, M., Palomino, J., Giraldo, S. K. & Parvania, M. (2020). The Cyberphysical Power System Resilience Testbed: Architecture and Applications, in Computer, 53(5), 44-54.
Kikuchi, A. & Yamaguchi, H. (2013). Organizational Resilience: An Investigation of Key Factors That Promote the Rapid Recovery of Organizations, Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(9), 188-194.
Lengnick-Hall, C. A. & Beck, T. E. (2009). Resilience capacity and strategic agility: prerequisites for thriving in a dynamic environment. UTSA, College of Business.
Liu, J., Tony, W. & Joseph V. (2021). Toward a resilient complex adaptive system view of business models, Long Range Planning, 54(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2020.102030.
Lozano, R., Nummert, B., Ceulemans, K., (2016). Elucidating the relationship between sustainability reporting and organisational change management for sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production. 125(1), 168-188. 1
Luthans, F., Vogelgesang, G.R. & Lester, P.B., (2006).Developing the Psychological Capital of Resiliency. Human Resource Development Rev., 5 (1), 25.
Luthans, F., Vogelgesang, G.R. & Lester, P.B., (2006).Developing the Psychological Capital of Resiliency. Human Resource Development Rev., 5 (1), 25.
Manouchehri, R., Zand Hesami, H. & Davari, A. (2019). Adaptability or pioneering: an analysis of choosing the appropriate organizational resilience strategy based on perceived environmental institutional capacity and quality, Innovation Management Quarterly, 9(2), 1-33. (in Persian)
Mass, K., Schaltegger, S., Crutzen, N., (2016). Integrating corporate sustainability assessment, management accounting, control, and reporting. Journal of Cleaner Production, 136(1), 237-248.
Mees, B., McMurray, A. & Chhetri, P. (2016). Organisational resilience and emergency management, Australian Journal of emergency management, 31(2), 38-43.
 Mishra, D.K., Jabbari Ghadi, M., Azizivahed, A. & Zhang, J. (2021). A review on resilience studies in active distribution systems, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 135, ISSN 1364-0321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110201.
Mohagahr, A., Sadeghimoghadam. M. & Mirkazemi, M., (2018). Metasynthesis of modeling methods of technical-social complex systems with multiple paradigm approach - multiple methodology. Industrial Management Quarterly, 10(1), 247-278. (in Persian)
Mohaghar, A., Safari, H. & Moein Najaf Abadi, F. (2021). Designing Organizational Excellence Methodology for Iran’s Oil Industry. Industrial Management Journal, 13(3), 370-390. (in Persian)
Morales, R. & Kapletia D. (2013). Optimizing power system investments and resilience against attacks, Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 159, 161–173.
Moran, B. & Tame, P. (2012). Organizational resilience: Uniting leadership and enhancing sustainability. Sustainability: The Journal of Record, 5(4), 233-237.
Morioka, S. N., Evans, S. & Carvalho, M. M. de. (2016). Sustainable Business Model Innovation: Exploring Evidences in Sustainability Reporting. Procedia CIRP, 40, 659–667.
Osterwalder, A. & Pigneur, Y. (2010). Business model generation: a handbook for visionaries, game changers, and challengers (Vol. 1). John Wiley & Sons.
Pal, R., Torstensson, H. & Mattila, H. (2014). Antecedents of organizational resilience in economic crises—an empirical study of Swedish textile and clothing SMEs. International Journal of Production Economics, 147: 410-428.
Pateli, A. & Giaglis, G. (2003). A framework for understanding and analysing e-Business models. Proceedings of the bled electronic commerce conference.
Peck, H. (2006). Reconciling supply chain vulnerability, risk and supply chain management. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 9(2),127-142.
Ran Bhamra, Samir Dani & Kevin Burnard. (2011). Resilience: the Concept, a Literature Review and Future Directions, Int. J. Production Research, 49 (18), 5375-93.
Reitsema, L.J., Kozłowski, T., Crews, D.E., Katzenberg, M.A. & Chudziak, W. (2017). Resilience and local dietary adaptation in rural Poland, 1000–1400 CE, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 45, 38–52.
Řepa V., Svatoš O. (2021). Adaptive and Resilient Business Architecture for the Digital Age. In: Zimmermann A., Schmidt R., Jain L. (eds) Architecting the Digital Transformation. Intelligent Systems Reference Library, vol 188. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49640-1_11.
Rey-Martí, A., Porcar, A. T. & Mas-Tur, A. (2015). Linking female entrepreneurs' motivation to business survival. Journal of Business Research, 68(4), 810-814.
Rose, A. & Krausmann, E. (2013). An economic framework for the development of a resilience index for business recovery. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2(5), 73-83.
Saghafi, F., Mohaghar, A. & Kashiha, M. (2020). Presenting technological catch-up framework based on grounded theory and meta-synthesis. Management Research in Iran, 24(1), 107-129.
Sahebjamnia, N., Torabi, S. A. & Mansouri, S. A. (2015). Integrated business continuity and disaster recovery planning: Towards organizational resilience. European Journal of Operational Research, 242(1), 261-273.
Santos, T.G., Oliveira, J.P.and Miranda, R.M. (2020). Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice, Progress in Materials Science, Volume 107,ISSN 0079-6425, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2019.100590.
Sawaragi, T. (2020). Design of resilient socio-technical systems by human-system co-creation. Artif Life Robotics 25, 219–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10015-020-00598-3.
Scholten, K., Sharkey Scott, P. & Fynes, B. (2014). Mitigation processes–antecedents for building supply chain resilience. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 19(2), 211-228.
Schoormann, T., Stadtländer, M. & Knackstedt, R. (2021). Designing business model development tools for sustainability—a design science study. Electron Markets https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-021-00466-3.
Sharkey, T., Nurre Pinkley, SG., Eisenberg, D.A. & Alderson, D.L. (2021). In search of network resilience: An optimization-based view. Networks, 77: 225– 254. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/net.21996.
Sheffi, Y. & Rice Jr, J. B. (2005). A supply chain view of the resilient enterprise. MIT Sloan Management Review, 47(1): 41-48.
Sibevei, A., Azar, A. & Zandieh, M., (2021). Developing a Two-stage Robust Stochastic Model for Designing a Resilient Blood Supply Chain Considering Earthquake Disturbances and Infectious Diseases. Industrial Management Journal, 13(4), 664-703. (in Persian)
Sony, M. & Naik, S. (2020). Industry 4.0 integration with socio-technical systems theory: A systematic review and proposed theoretical model, Technology in Society, https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101248.
Southwick, F. S., Martini, B. L., Charney, D. S. & Southwick, S. M. (2017). Leadership and resilience. In Leadership today (pp. 315-333). Springer, Cham.
Stephenson, A. (2010). Benchmarking the Resilience of Organisations. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Civil and Natural Resources Engineering Department; University of Canterbury.
Sullivan-Taylor, B. & Branicki, L. (2011). Creating resilient SMEs: why one size might not fit all. International Journal of Production Research, 49(18), 5565-5579.
Teece, D. J. (2010). Business models, business strategy and innovation. Long range planning, 43(2-3), 172-194.
Tenenhaus, M., Vinzi, V. E., Chatelin, Y. M. & Lauro, C. (2005). PLS path modeling. Computational statistics and data analysis, 48(1): 159-205.
Vargas, S. & Rivera-Rodriguez, H. A. (2019). Business resilience a dynamic capability to overcome extreme adversity. Revista Espacios.
Vargo, J. & Erica, S., (2010). Resilient Organisations: Trying to Thrive When You Are Struggling to Survive, 4th Annual Business Continuity Summit 2010 Resilience over Uncertainty, 24-25th March 2010, Sydney, Australia.
Vorm, J., Beek, V. & Zwetsloot, G., (2011). Images of Resilience: The Resilience Analysis Grid Applicable at several Organizational Levels, Paris: TRANSVALOR-Presses des MINES, pp1-7.
Yiping, F. & Giovanni, S. (2017). Optimizing power system investments and resilience against attacks, Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 159, 161–173.
Zanganeh Nejad, N., Moeini, A., Haji Heydari, N. & Azar, A. (2022). Charchol development of platform business model: a finding based on metacombination. Journal of Management Research in Iran, 25(1), 115-95. (in Persian)
Zhang, R. & Liu, W. (2012). Organizational resilience perspective: Facilitating organizational adaptation analysis. International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research, 28, 55-59.