Industrial Management Journal

Industrial Management Journal

Assessing the effects of Human–Cyber–Physical Systems on Machine Reliability: An Agent-Based Simulation Approach

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors
Armina Sadat Daftarian 1
Saeed Jahanyan 2
Arash Shahin 3
1 PhD Candidate, Department of Management, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
2 PhD, Department of Management, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
3 . Prof., Department of Management, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
10.22059/imj.2026.411894.1008292
Abstract
Objective: This study develops a quantitative Human–Cyber–Physical Systems (HCPS) framework to investigate how interactions among human operators, cyber systems, and physical assets influence machine reliability and maintenance performance in Industry 5.0.
Methodology: An agent-based modeling (ABM) framework was developed to simulate interactions among three agents: a physical machine, an experience-based human operator, and a rule-based cyber decision-support system. The model was calibrated using empirical production-line data from a home-appliance manufacturer and evaluated under conventional and HCPS-enabled scenarios through 80 Monte Carlo replications and sensitivity analysis.
Results: Relative to the conventional approach, the HCPS-enabled scenario was associated with lower machine downtime, fewer failures, and reduced mean time to repair (MTTR), alongside higher estimated system reliability. The observed differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05 for all metrics; Cohen's d = 31.67 for reliability), and cyber-feedback effectiveness emerged as an influential parameter in the model.
Conclusion: The proposed framework demonstrates the suitability of ABM for modeling dynamic human–cyber–physical interactions and provides a reproducible approach for quantitatively evaluating HCPS in manufacturing. The findings offer practical insights for designing human-centric maintenance systems and contribute to operationalizing Industry 5.0 through measurable performance outcomes.
Keywords
Human&ndash
cyber&ndash
physical systems, predictive maintenance, agent-based simulation, machine reliability, artificial intelligence
Subjects
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Industrial Management Journal
Volume 18, Issue 3
2026
Pages 325-358